SECTION A TALK
OK, good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. In the previous week we talked about different types of pollution, and this week I want to focus on air pollution, air pollution caused by the car. It's well known that cars are the main cause of air pollution in a city. This can mean up to 50% of some diseases or even higher than 90 % of all air pollution are caused by the car. Obviously cars contribute a great deal to the air pollution in our cities, and this will get worse as the number of cars increases in the cities.
Firstly, I would like to talk about how cars cause air pollution. How does the car cause air pollution? Well, you are all familiar with internal combustion engine, there is a mixture of petrol which explodes, and the explosion that propels the car forward. Unfortunately, in this process there are some poisonous chemicals made, and these poisonous chemicals mainly come out of the back of the car through the exhaust.
Now it's not just what comes out of the car exhaust that is dangerous, the brakes also cause pollution. The brakes in some cars give off asphaltum, and you know asphaltum is, is highly dangerous substance, and can kill us. And thirdly, the tyres themselves give off small rubber particle which is not very good for health.
We need to find solutions to this problem. I'm going to talk about four possible solutions. Firstly, we could try and discourage the use of cars. We could do this by putting higher taxes on petrol, or we could make cars more expensive, we could put prices of cars up.
Secondly, we might encourage alternative methods of transport. For example, recently in Shanghai, a new built supra-underground will take some of the pressure off the roads. Some people will use the underground rather than use cars.
In addition we could improve public transport, make it more comfortable, safer, more regular so that people will use the public transport rather than the car. Next, we could also use cleaner fuel rather than petrol. For example, we might use natural gas in the future or we might experiment battery cars.
And lastly, we could try mechanical means for reducing the amount of chemicals that are emitted, which comes out of the cars' the exhaust pipe. We could fix things called "absolute converters" for exhaust pipe. It's something, it's a device which is seated over the exhaust, which controls the carbon amount of minor primer, which reduces the amount of dangerous chemical that cars give off. Now, it's unlikely that any one of these solutions will work on its own. I'm pretty sure that it will take a combination of all four of these solutions to solve this problem.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Interviewer: So, you are an architect?
Interviewee: Yes.
Interviewer: Do you work for a public or private organization, or are you self-employed, that is, working on your own?
Interviewee: I'm working for a private design and construction company.
Interviewer: How did you start your career?
Interviewee: I started it with the government.
Interviewer: Oh, did you? What made you decide to work for the government?
Interviewee: Well, it was a matter of chance really. I saw an advertisement for a vacant position in a newspaper, and I thought "Why don't you try it?" In fact, I have no preferences to where I work, public or private.
Interviewer; And do you still have this idea, or ...
Interviewee: More or less. Yes. Although I'm now working for a private firm. I worked for the government for about three years. It was all right. Of course, there is the bureaucracy one has to put up with, but that's not that bad, if you don't mind bureaucratic wheels turning slowly, and things not being as efficient.
Interviewer: Ah-ah. And what made you leave the public sector?
Interviewee: Money mainly. You see, I got married, and my wife doesn't work, and we wanted to start a family right away. So we thought it might be better if I moved to the private sector. This is why it's hard for me to be self-employed because self-employed work has the disadvantage that there may be time, or a period of time when you are unemployed.
Interviewer: I see, so, did you join this company straight away or ...
Interviewee: No, I worked for ..., in a couple of private firms before I came to this one.
Interviewer: Hmm ... hmm. Now, what qualifications does one have to have to become an architect?
Interviewee: Well, you've got to have a degree in architecture. That means before you apply to study architecture in any university you have to pass exams. Usually 3A levels with good results. Also you generally have to study sciences at school rather than arts ... as the basis for the subject to be studied at university level. Although when you really get down to it, the subject involves some aspects of arts too. Then you need between six and seven years to work through, by the end of which you usually sit for the final examination.
Interviewer: So, you mean to take up architecture, one has to have a scientific background?
Interviewee: Well, yes, mainly scientific, but it helps if you have some general arts background too. You know, architecture is not a pure science.
Interviewer: Now, if one wants to take up architecture, one has got to be able to draw? Is that really true?
Interviewee: Well, it is true that the work of an architect involves a lot of drawing, and to be an architect you must be able to draw. But this doesn't mean that if you can't at present draw, you won't have the opportunity to be an architect, because you can be taught to draw. In fact, drawing in architecture is different from drawing in art. An artist's drawing must be good in a sense that it gives a certain impression in the mind of the viewer, in fact, some famous artists can't draw very well at all, at least not from the technical point of view. On the other hand, architect's drawing must be accurate. So, I'd say that accuracy of the drawings is what we aim at, what's important.
Interviewer; Now what qualities do you think make a good architect, apart from the accuracy in his drawings?
Interviewee: Well, I'm not sure if I can generalize about that. You see architecture is a mixture of theory and practice. So I suppose a good architect should be good at both. An architect's work is good in as much as the construction is built precisely as the theory requires, so that it doesn't collapse or can't be used after a period of time because it's dangerous. I don't mean a well-built construction will last forever, but it's predictable that if the building is constructed in a certain way, or with certain materials, we can say how long it will last, provided there's no other factor.
Interviewer: Such as?
Interviewee; Er, for example, an earthquake or if the ground level sinks which may destroy it, so that's one part of being a good architect — to design a construction which is attractive and will last a long time.
Interviewer: Right. So that's the theory side. Now, what about the practical aspect?
Interviewee: Yes, the practical side concerns, I'd say, the use of the construction you design. If you design a house, the people who live in later on, must be happy as living in it. Er, a college student shouldn't think to himself. Oh, I'd rather be study, I'd rather study in the library. My bedroom is too cold because the ceiling seems to be too high, and the windows too big. Or say, when somebody is cooking in the kitchen, the smell of the food shouldn't disturb somebody who's still in bed. The bathroom should be situated for everyone's convenience, but while it's being used, the noise shouldn't disturb anyone. So you see these practical things which give you comfort apart from serving the purpose of the construction whatever it may be — a school, a hospital, a hotel and so on ...
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
News Item One (For Questions 11—12)
A man who fired three shots into a crowded birthday party killing one man and wounding two other people has been sentenced to six years in prison. 36-year-old Mark Eastwood was in court for sentencing today after a jury had found him guilty of manslaughter, but not guilty of murder.
Mark Eastwood snapped after being kept awake for four successive nights by noisy parties yards away from his home. He took a loaded revolver and fired three shots through the window of a house in the southwestern part of the city. A 25-year-old man at the party died after being hit in the head, two other people were seriously wounded.
The court was told that Eastwood had a lengthy criminal record for dishonesty and he was keeping a gun without a license. Sentencing him to six years in prison, Mr Justice Dawson said, "No one must be allowed to kill innocent people and not be severely punished."
News Item Two (For Questions 13—15)
A 23-day search operation that begins Thursday will include 84 Americans and their Vietnamese counterparts split in the eight teams. The spokesman for the operation said four of the teams are currently in the midst of a dry season. The spokesmen said Vietnam turned over 67 sets of remains which the Vietnamese believed to be of Americans last year, the most since it began returning such remains in the early 1980s. Vietnam first allowed American search teams into the country in 1988, and the first consisted of just three men. Vietnam has turned over hundreds of sets of remains since the end of the war in 1975. So far 280 such sets have been positively identified as the remains of missing Americans. The remains are examined by forensic specialists at a US military laboratory in Hawaii. The fates of more than 2200 American servicemen who are missing in southeast Asia remain unsolved. 1648 of those are listed as missing in Vietnam or its waters. In an interview with the Associated Press, Major General Thomas Needham, the search operation commander said he was pleased with the progress being made to account for the missing men. He said he and his teams were allowed to go wherever they wished in Vietnam. General Needham said that he constantly pushed the Vietnamese to find and hand over more documents about the missing men.
General Needham said that he didn't believe the Vietnamese government was holding back remains. However, he said some individuals who had come across remains were holding them back in the hope of being paid for them. The US does not pay for remains. In a related development, the US military announced Wednesday that Admiral Charles Lawson, the commander-in-chief of the Pacific will visit Vietnam beginning January 16. Admiral Lawson will visit the American Missing-in-Action Office in Hanoi, discuss the issue with the Vietnamese officials, and travel south to observe the excavations. Admiral Lawson will become the highest ranking US military officer to visit Vietnam since the end of the War. Admiral Lawson's visit and extensive search come at a time when officials in Washington say the question of the US trade embargo against Vietnam is under active review.
David Butler for VOA news, Bangkok.
SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING
Today I'm going to consider very briefly a problem concerned with the competition for land use. That is, that is, whether crops should be used to produce food or to ... should be used to produce fuel. And um ... in considering this problem, I will look at three main areas: the historical background to the problem, the nature of the problems involved in, in the competition for land use, and some examples.
In considering the historical background, um ... we should look at the oil crisis of the 1970s. Due to the rapidly increase in ... in or the rapid, due to the rapid trend in increasing oil prices leading to an energy crisis, many countries have looked for alternative, energy sources to make them independent of other countries' fossil fuels. Examples of alternative energy sources include such thing as solar power, the harnessing of wind, and the wind and waves, tides and also the production of biogas. Biogas is methane which is produced from human and animal waste. A particularly interesting possibility for many developing countries has been the conversion of plant material to alcohol. This is interesting because in many developing countries, there is a large agricultural sector and at the same time a small industrial sector. And thus the possibility of using the agricultural sector to, to produce fuel is of interest to those countries.
Scientific research is going on in the production of alcohol, for example, from sugar. And there are two economic reasons for this. First of all, the world price of sugar has fallen dramatically, or the world price of sugar has fallen in very real terms in the last decade, which has caused the problem for those economics which are dependent on their sugar production as it gives them an alternative possibility for using their sugar. And secondly, sugar is the most efficient source of alcohol. Therefore, it is relatively economical to make fuel by distilling alcohol from it.
In addition to sugar, there are other starchy plants that can be used to make alcohol. For example, in tropical countries, such plants as the cassava plant and the sweet potato are good sources from which alcohol can be made. And in non-tropical countries, you have such things as corn and sugar beet. Now there is a problem arising from the fact that alcohol can be distilled from starchy plants and that is, that many poor countries use precisely these starchy plants, or these starch-rich crops for their food as a staple diet. So in many such countries, there is ... there is a conflict, if you like, between the choices whether to produce these crops for fuel, or to produce these crops for food and for their use, as their staple diet.
It is in fact an economic problem rather than a technical problem as the poor farmers will tend to choose that which is more profitable. Indeed it is an economic problem, not, not necessarily a technological problem. The technology for the conversion of alcohol from starchy plants has been in existence for over 40 years. And there are two ways of using alcohol as car fuel. One such way is in the form of pure alcohol, and an example of this is in Brazil in a project called the Pro-Alcohol Project. And in Brazil cars are being produced to run on pure alcohol. A second use of alcohol as a car fuel is in a mixture of petrol, or with gasoline. In a mixture with gasoline, this produces a mixture called "gasohol". In Germany for example, they have an experiment in which there, there is such a mixture of 85% petrol or 85% gas, 85% gasoline and 15% methanol. So if technology and conversion of engines are not a problem, then really it is a question of economics, and there are three main factors, which ...
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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1996) GRADE EIGHT
PAPER ONE
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN)
In sections A , B and C, you will hear everything ONCE ONLY, listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question on your Colored Answer Sheet.
SECTION A TALK
Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.
1. The speaker thinks that .
A. car causes pollution only in some cities
B. 60% of the cities are affected by car pollution
C. 90% of the city residents suffer from car pollution
D. car is the main contributing factor in polluting air
2. Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause of car pollution?
A. Car tyres. B. Car engines. C. Car horns. D. Car brakes.
3. Which of the following is not cited as a means to reduce the number of cars?
A. To pass laws to control the use of cars.
B. To improve public transport systems.
C. To increase car tax and car price.
D. To construct effective subway systems.
4. One of the mechanical solutions to car pollution is .
A. to change the mechanical structure of fuel
B. to improve on the exhaust pipe
C. to experiment with new engines
D. to monitor the amount of chemicals
5. According to the speaker. a sensible way to solve car pollution is that we should
A. focus on one method only
B. explore some other alternatives
C. improve one of the four methods
D. integrate all of the four methods
-
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview with an architect. At the end of the interview you will be given 13 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.
6. The interviewee's first job was with .
A. a newspaper B. the government
C a construction firm D. a private company
7. The interviewee is not self-employed mainly because .
A. his wife likes him to work for a firm
B. he prefers working for the government
C. self-employed work is very demanding
D. self-employed work is sometimes insecure
8. To study architecture in a university one must .
A. be interested in arts B. study pure science first
C. get good exam results D. be good at drawing
9. On the subject of drawing, the interviewee says that .
A. technically speaking artists draw very well
B. an artist's drawing differs little from an architect's
C. precision is a vital skill for the architect
D. architects must be natural artists
10. The interviewee says that the job of an architect is ________ .
A. more theoretical than practical
B. to produce sturdy, well-designed buildings
C. more practical than theoretical
D. to produce attractive, interesting buildings
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Questions 11 to 12 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions. Now listen to the news.
11. The man was convicted for .
A. dishonesty B. manslaughter C. murder D. having a gun
12. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Mark Eastwood had a license for a revolver.
B. Mark Eastwood loved to go to noisy parties.
C. Mark Eastwood smashed the windows of a house.
D. Mark Eastwood had a record.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions. Now listen to the news.
13. How many missing American servicemen have been positively confirmed dead in
Vietnam so far?
A. 67. B. 280. C. 84. D. 1,648.
14. According to the search operation commander, the recovery of the missing
Americans is slowed down because .
A. the weather conditions are unfavorable
B. the necessary documents are unavailable
C. the sites are inaccessible
D. some local people are greedy
15. According to the news, Vietnam may be willing to help American mainly because of .
A. its changed policy towards America
B. recent international pressure
C. its desire to have the US trade embargo lifted
D. the impending visit by a senior US military officer
SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank paper for note-taking. Fill in each of the gaps with one word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.
LAND USE
A problem related to the competition for land use is whether crops should be used to produce food or fuel. (1) ______ areas will be examined in this respect. Firstly, the problem should be viewed in its (2) ______ perspective. When oil prices rose sharply in the 1970s, countries had to look for alternatives to solve the resulting crisis.
In developing countries, one of the possible answers to it is to produce alcohol from (3) _____ material. This has led to a lot of research in this area particularly in the use of (4) ______. The use of this material resulted from two economic reasons: a (5) ______ in its price and low (6)_____ costs.
There are other starchy plants that can be used to produce alcohol, like the sweet (7) _____ or the cassava plant in tropical regions, and (8) ______ and sugar beet in non-tropical regions. The problem with these plants is that they are also the people's staple food in many poor countries.
Therefore, farmers there are faced with a choice: crops for food or for fuel. And farmers naturally go for what is more (9) ______. As a result, the problems involved are economic in nature, rather than technological. This is my second area under consideration. Finally, there have already been practical applications of using alcohol for fuel. Basically, they come in two forms of use: pure alcohol as is the case in (10)______, and a combination of alcohol and gasoline known as gasohol in Germany.
(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ ( 5 ) ______
(6) ______ (7) ______ (8) ______ (9) ______ (10) ______
PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)
The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the line
Example
When ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an
It never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) never
them on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) v
wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibit
WATER
The second most important constituent of the biosphere is
liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of
temperatures, since water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C . This is
only a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of some other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperatures (1)____
of the sun.
As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a (2)_____
planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. (3)_____
The earth's supply of water probably remains quite fairly (4)_____
constant in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which
are one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escaping
from the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just (5)_____
about replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the (6)_____
earth during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is not
known, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe (7) _____
to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it -97%
- is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest is
fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles (8)_____
and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when (9)_____
melted. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than (10)____
1% of the whole, there is 10—20 times as much stored as
underground water as is actually on the surface. There is also a
minor, but extremely important, fraction of the water supply
which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.
PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN)
SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)
In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet.
TEXT A
STAYING HEALTHY ON HOLIDAY
Do people who choose to go on exotic, far-flung holidays deserve free healthy advice before they travel? And even if they pay, who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information? Who, for that matter, should collect that information in the first place? For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.
Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there's an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy.
Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests - - the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. " The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers' health," says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. "Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It's a grey area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role," he says.
To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.
A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: "Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control. " Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody's guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than £1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don't work and so give people a false sense of security: "Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority", he says.
16. Travel medicine in Britain is .
A. not something anyone wants to run
B. the responsibility of the government
C. administered by private doctors
D. handled adequately by travel agents
17. The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to .
A. prevent people from falling ill B. make money out of it
C. give advice on specific countries D. get the government to pay for it
18. In Behren's opinion the question of who should run travel medicine .
A. is for the government to decide B. should be left to specialist hospitals
C. can be left to travel companies D. has no clear and simple answer
19. People will only think better of travel medicine if .
A. it is given more resources by the government
B. more accurate information on its value is available
C. the government takes over responsibility from the NHS
D. travelers pay more attention to the advice they get
TEXTB
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL PSYCHOIXJGY
While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western tradition, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country. National emergencies and conditions of social disruption provide special incentive to invent new techniques, and to strike out boldly for solutions to practical social problems. Social psychology began to flourish soon after the First World War. This event, followed by the great depression of the 1930s, by the rise of Hitler, the genocide of Jews, race riots, the Second World War and the atomic threat, stimulated all branches of social science. A special challenge fell to social psychology. The question was asked: How is it possible to preserve the values of freedom and individual rights under condition of mounting social strain and regimentation? Can science help provide an answer? This challenging question led to a burst of creative effort that added much to our understanding of the phenomena of leadership, public opinion, rumor, propaganda, prejudice, attitude change, morale, communication, decision-making, race relations, and conflicts of war.
Reviewing the decade that followed World War II , Cartwright [1961] speaks of the "excitement and optimism" of American social psychologists, and notes "the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists." Most of these, we may add, show little awareness of the history of their field.
Practical and humanitarian motives have always played an important part in the development of social psychology, not only in American but in other lands as well. Yet there have been discordant and dissenting voices. In the opinion of Herbert Spencer in England, of Ludwig Gumplowicz in Austria, and of William Graham Sumner in the United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argued, requires time and obeys laws beyond the control of man. The only practical service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature (or society). But these authors are in minority. Most social psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of man's chances to better his way of life. Has he not already improved his health via biological sciences? Why should he not better his social relationship via social science? For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted in the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labor troubles have not abated, and racial tensions are still with us. Give us time and give us money for research, the optimists say.
20. Social psychology developed in the USA .
A. because its roots are intellectually western in origin
B. as a direct response to the great depression
C. to meet the threat of Adolf Hitler and his policy of mass genocide
D. because of its pragmatic traditions for dealing with social problem
21. According to the author, social psychology should help him to .
A. preserve individual rights B. become healthier
C. be aware of history D. improve material welfare
22. Who believed that man can influence social change for the good of society?
A. Cartwright. B. Spencer. C. Sumner. D. Comte.
TEXTC
GOD AND MY FATHER
I thought of God as a strangely emotional being. He was powerful; he was forgiving yet obdurate, full of warmth and affection. Both his wrath and affection were fitful, they came and they went, and I couldn't count on either to continue: although they both always did. In short God was much such a being as my father himself.
What was the relation between them, 1 wondered — these two puzzling deities?
My father's ideas of religion seemed straightforward and simple. He had noticed when he was a boy that there were buildings called churches; he had accepted them as a natural part of the surroundings in which he had been born. He would never have invented such things himself. Nevertheless they were here. As he grew up he regarded them as unquestioningly as he did banks. They were substantial old structures; they were respectable, decent, and venerable. They were frequented by the right sort of people. Well, that was enough.
On the other hand he never allowed churches — or banks — to dictate to him. He gave each the respect that was due to it from his point of view; but he also expected from each of them the respect he felt due to him.
As to creeds, he knew nothing about them, and cared nothing either; yet he seemed to know which sect he belonged with. It had to be a sect with the minimum of nonsense about it; no total immersion, no exhorters. no holy confession. He would have been a Unitarian, naturally, if he'd lived in Boston. Since he was a respectable New Yorker; he belonged in the Episcopal Church.
As to living a spiritual life, he never tackled that problem. Some men who accept spiritual beliefs try to live up to them daily: other men who reject such beliefs, try sometimes to smash them. My father would have disagreed with both kinds entirely. He took a more distant attitude. It disgusted him where atheists attacked religion: he thought they were vulgar. But he also objected to having religion make demands upon him he felt that religion was too vulgar, when it tried to stir up men's feelings. It had its own proper field of activity, and it was all right there, of course; but there was one place religion should leave alone, and that was a man's soul. He especially loathed any talk of walking hand in hand with his Savior. And if he had ever found the Holy Ghost trying to soften his heart, he would have regarded its behavior as distinctly uncalled for; even ungentlemanly.
23. The writer says his father's idea of religion seemed straightforward and simple because his father .
A. had been born in natural surroundings banks and churches
B. never really thought of God as having a real existence
C. regarded religion as acceptable as long as it did not interfere
D. regarded religion as a way that he could live a spiritual life
24. The writer's father would probably agree with the statement that
A. both spiritualists and atheists are vulgar
B. being aware of different creeds is important
C. religion should expect heart and soul devotion
D. churches like banks are not to be trusted
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TEXT D
ETIQUETTE
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say. women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission.
Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social file as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use. etiquette suggested that after spiting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women asthe social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.
Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.
25. One characteristic of the rich classes of declining society is their tendency to ____ .
A. take in the recently wealthy B. retreat within themselves
C. produce publications on manners D. change the laws of etiquette
26. Which of the following is NOT an element of the code of etiquette?
A. Respect for age.
B. Formal compliments.
C. Proper introductions at social functions.
D. Eating with a fork rather than fingers.
27. According to the writer which of the following is part of chivalry? A knight should ______ .
A. inspire his lady to perform valiant deeds
B. perform deeds which would inspire romantic songs
C. express his love for his lady from a distance
D. regard his lady as strong and independent
28. Etiquette as an art of gracious living is quoted as a feature of which country?
A. Egypt. B. 18th century France.
C. Renaissance Italy. D. England.
TEXTE
CONFLICT AND COMPETITION
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering the question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of op/x>sition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation , the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. The struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is.
29. According to the author which of the following is inevitable?
A. War. B. Conflict. C. Competition. D. Cooperation.
30. In the animal kingdom the struggle for existence .
A. is evidence of the inevitability of conflict among the fittest
B. arises from a need to live in groups
C. is evidence of the need to compete for scarce resources
D. arises from a natural desire to fight
SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 MIN)
In this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet.
TEXT F
First read the following question.
31. The writer believes the problems of chaos and noise will most probably only be
solved by .
A. the students themselves B. the students' parents
C. the college authorities D. the newspaper
Now go through TEXT F quickly and answer question 31.
ANGRY RESIDENTS
12 Gradge Crescent
Rudwick
Sir,
On two occasions since Rudwick College opened you have given front page reports on the chaotic conditions prevailing there...
But whilst chaos and upheaval reigns in the college, what of the chaos and noise that local residents are subjected to? Cars are parked on the pavement, and, still worse, on the pavements at street corners. The noise from motorcycles is such that at times conversation is impossible. To add to this, our streets are littered with paper, Coca Cola tins and empty milk bottles. Huge transistor radios are carried by students at all times of the day, blasting out music so loudly that babies wake and old people are unable to take their afternoon naps. All in all, we have found students' behavior to be quite intolerable.
We appeal to students (whom we support financially via our local authority rates) to have some consideration for other people. And if the young people themselves won't listen to what we say, and we suspect they won't, then perhaps their parents should knock some sense into their heads.
Yours faithfully,
John Smith
TEXTG
First read the following question.
32. In the passage the writer's tone is .
A. critical B. apathetic C. sympathetic D. neutral
Now go through TEXT G quickly and answer question 32.
RACE
About one-fifth of the high school students here are boycotting classes to protest the reinstatement of a principal who threatened to ban interracial couples from the prom.
The boycott began on Monday as classes resumed after spring break for the 680 students at Randolph County High School.
It was also the first day back for the principal, Hulond Humphries, a white man who was reinstated by a 4-to-2 vote of the school board after being suspended on March 14. Ms. Humphries, 55, who has been principal for 25 years, declined to comment on the boycott.
The boycott was organized by the school board's only black member, Charlotte Clark-Freison. Parents who attended a meeting on Monday night decided to keep their children out of school today, said Ms. Clark-Freison.
A group of parents traveled today to Montgomery, about 90 miles to the southwest, to meet with state education officials and ask about setting up an alternative school during the boycott, Ms. Clark-Freison said.
School Superintendent Dale McKay said he did not know how many students were absent from class either on Monday or today.
Tawanna Mize, a white senior, said school attendance sheets showed 157 absent students, 115 of them black. Ms. Clark-Freison said about 200 black students boycotted today. She did not know how many white students stayed away.
Many black students gathered on Monday and today at two churches to discuss multicultural issues and non-violent protests. Many of the boycotting students wore black-and-white ribbons.
The boycotters included Re Vonda Bowen, who filed a civil rights lawsuit against Mr. Humphries for saying at a school assembly on Feb. 24 that she was "a mistake" because her father is white and her mother is black. At the same assembly, Mr. Humphries announced that mixed-race couples would not be allowed at the prom and that the dance would be cancelled if they showed up.
The next day, Mr. Humphries withdrew the threat to close the prom if mixed-race couples showed up, and he said his comments had been misunderstood.
TEXT H
First read the following question.
33. The writer advises that the problems between Iran and the USA might be best dealt with in the UN by getting the support of .
A. America's NATO allies in the west
B. Islamic Third World countries
C. Russia
D. Britain
Now go through TEXT H quickly and answer question 33.
USA/IRAN
Sir,
The present quarrel between the US and Iran seems to be drifting dangerously near to a confrontation between the West and the Third World. It is understandable that the US should seek support from her allies within NATO but the result of this could be seen as an attempt by a group of powerful industrial countries to bully the people of a Third World country which, in recent years, had no cause to be grateful for the policies of the US.
Surely the appropriate forum in which to search out a settlement to this extremely dangerous quarrel is the UN and the West should do its utmost, within that forum, to gather the greatest possible support from the Third World, and particularly Islamic countries.
I am well aware that the matter has been considered by the Security Council and the General Assembly and that the International Court of Justice has also pronounced in favor of the American case. I myself in no way support the behavior of the Iranians on this issue, which I believe to be dangerous and provocative. Nevertheless, it is my view that it would be wise for the Western powers to continue to use the quiet diplomacy of the UN and also, if this should prove practicable, the good offices of Islamic countries who have no desire to be caught up in a middle Eastern conflict arising from the present tension between Iran and the US.
In addition to exploiting still further the use of the machinery of the UN, I also consider that European leaders ought to suggest that it would be helpful if a summit meeting could take place between the American and Russian leaders to exchange views about the whole situation in the Middle East.
Such an exchange of views would be unlikely to produce instant solutions, but it might help the Russian and American governments to read each other's minds and seek methods of backing away from the perilous trial of strength in that part of the world.
Yours sincerely,
Frank Hooley, MP
House of Commons, London SW1
TEXT I
First read the following question.
34. The purpose of the passage is to .
A. describe the mining of gold B. describe man's pursuit of gold
C. determine the importance of gold D. discuss the role of gold
Now go through TEXT I quickly and answer question 34.
GOLD! GOLD! GOLD!
Gold has enthralled man since the dawn of civilization. For centuries he braved arctic cold. tropic heat and inhuman privations to wrest gold from the earth. He asked it for religious objects, sculpture, and jewelry and as a symbol of wealth. Paradoxically, he often buried it — for use in the afterlife; as the pharaohs did, or for safekeeping against the uncertainties of this life.
Gold's luster and rarity, which implied its owner possessed great power, gave it a musical quality from the start. Gold was considered divine in ancient Greece and was used to adorn temples and as an offering to the gods. Despite their reverence, the ancients were quick to recognize gold's practical qualities, particularly its malleability, which made it ideal for jewelry. Even Cleopatra used gold ornaments to enhance her charm.
However, it has been as a symbol of wealth — of nations as well as individuals — that gold has played its most dramatic role. The quest for gold changed the course of history — shifting nations' borders and opening wildernesses.
The cry "Gold!" probably launched more ships than a hundred Helens of Troy. History books tell us Columbus' expedition was inspired by his scientific curiosity. But it was also backed by Queen Isabella, who may have been motivated to donate her jewels by more than just sympathy for his cause or desire for a trade route to the East. Whatever the original motive might have been, certainly her royal spouse was moved by more than scientific triumph in 1511 when he wrote to his men in South American: "Get gold!" he commented, "humanely if possible, but at all hazards get gold."
The intrinsic value of gold, perhaps enhanced by its mystique, made it a medium of exchange in many parts of the world. Payments were made in gold hundreds of years before 550 B.C., when the first known gold coins were cast. King Croesus of Lydia (western Turkey), whose legendary wealth inspired the phrase " rich as Croesus", is generally credited with that minting. However, gold played a relatively minor monetary role until great 19th century gold rushes in California. Alaska, Canada and South Africa produced sufficient quantities to make wide-scale monetary use practical.
The artistic, industrial and ornamental uses of gold have changed little since ancient times, but its monetary use has been transformed. Gold ducats, double eagles and sovereigns can't meet industrial societies' need for convenient and efficient money. Modern nations use paper currency, base-metal coins, and checkbook balances to meet the needs of their fast-paced economics.
As a rule, nations now keep gold for payments to each other. The "coin" used in these payments is a gold bar. often about the size and shape of a common building brick, weighing about 400 troy ounces (about 27 avoirdupois pounds) and valued at about $17 000 at today's official US Government price. In the "free" market, where the forces of supply and demand constantly determine gold's value, this same bar was worth about thirteen times as much in early 1981. When nations trade gold, it is done at the market price rather than at the official price.
TEXT J
First read the following two questions.
35. According to the passage. London recorded its coldest day in years when
the temperature dropped to— 90 degrees.
A. 40 B. 41 C. 42 D. 43
36. How many people died in Poland because of the weather in the first half of January 1987?
A. 77. B. 29. C. 48. D. 27.
Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer questions 35 and 36.
WEATHER
Severe winter weather during the first three weeks of January caused hundreds of
deaths in Europe. A massive dome of cold air became entrenched over northern Scandinavia and northern USSR in mid-December of 1986. It migrated westward and southward so that by January 12 much of the continent was under its influence. On that day, central England had its coldest day since 1945, with London recording 160 F ( - 90 C). In Leningrad, USSR, temperatures dipped to — 490 F (— 450 C)! reportedly the coldest in 250 years.
Coastal and river ice brought a halt to shipping in northern Europe. The cold was also accompanied by a major snowstorm that snarled rail and road transport in Western Europe on January 11 to 13. Snow fell as far south as the French Rivera. On January 14, East Berlin recorded an all-time record low of — 130 F (—HOC), while Paris measured a snowfall of 5. 5 inches (14 centimeters) — the fourth heaviest on record.
During the first two weeks of the month, the cold was blamed for 77 deaths in the USSR, including 48 from heating accidents and 29 from avalanches. In Poland, home fires claimed 27 lives. By the time the cold began easing around January 19, the total reported deaths from snow and cold across Europe and the USSR neared 350.
The interior of North America was experiencing record mildness. Parts of Alberta, Canada, enjoyed the warmest January ever, with temperatures averaging up to 18 F (10 C) above normal. The January warmth turned out to be part of a remarkably persistent weather anomaly. From December 1986 through 1987, monthly average temperatures across a large area of Canada remained above normal. From December through April, readings averaged 110 F (60 C) above normal in an area extending from eastern Alberta to western Ontario. In Ontario, August was the first month with below-normal temperatures after eight consecutive months above normal. Localized areas had even more persistent warmth. At Vancouver International Airport, November was the 16th consecutive month with above-normal temperatures. The relative warmth across the continent is a feature often associated with warm ocean waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
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TEXT K
First read the following two questions.
37. Which person won the Lenin Peace Prize?
A. McGuigan. B. Mach. C. Machado. D. Machel.
38. Which person carried out research in the Amazon region?
A. McGuigan. B. Mach. C. Machado. D. Machel.
Now go through TEXT K quickly and answer questions 37 and 38.
WHO' WHO
McGUIGAN, Hon. Thomas Malcolm; New Zealand, parliamentarian and business consultant; b 20 Feb. 1921, Christchurch; m Ruth Deacon 1946; two %. one d.; ed. Christchurch Boys' High School, Christchurch Tech. Evening School; served in Navy 1941—1945; secretarial and accountancy posts in commerce 1946—1954; House Man. Christchurch Hosp. 1955—1957: Sr. Admin Officer, Princess Margaret Hosp., Christchurch 1958—1969: M. P. 1969—1975; Minister of Railways, Electricity and Civil Defense 1972-1974, of Health and Public Trust Office 1974— 1975; J. P. 1953—; Pres. New Zealand Football Asscn. 1974—1975. Leisure interests-, golf, cricket, finishing, football, reading, and music. Address-. 71 Main Road, Christchurch 8, New Zealand.
MACH, Stanislaw, M. ECON, C. SC; Polish politician; b 22 April 1938, Przychody. near Olkusz; economic studies; chief Mechanic, Cart Factory, Sianow 1960—1961, Voivodship Amalgamation of Establishments for Mechanization of Agric, Koszalin 1961—1963; Branch Sec. Main Tech Org. (NOT), Koszalin 1963— 1968; Deputy Chair Voivoship Council of Trade unions, Koszalin 1968—1971; mem. Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) 1961 — ; First Sec. PZPR District Cttee Kolobrzeg 1971—1972; Chair Presidium, Voivodship Nat. Council (WRN), Koszalin 1972-1973, Voivode, Koszalin 1973—1975; First Sec. PZPR Voivodship Cttee., Slupsk 1975—1977; Chair Presidium, WRN Slupsk 1975—1977; Deputy mem. PZPR Cen. Cttee 1975—; deputy to Seym (Parl). 1976—1980; Minister of Light Industry 1977—1980; Deputy Chair. Council of Ministers Oct. 1980 — ; decorations include Knight's Cross of Order Polonia Restituta. Address-. Urzad Rady Ministrow, Al. Ujazdowskie 1/3, 00—583, Warsaw, Poland.
MACHADO, Paulo de Almeida; Brazilian doctor, b. Minas Gerais; active in planting public health and sanitary services? Dir. Nat. Inst. for Research in the Amazon Region until 1974; Minister of Health 1974—1978. Address-, c/o Ministerio da Saude, Esplanada dos Ministerios, blocoll. Brasilia, D. F. Brazil.
MACHEL, Samora Moises: Mozambique nationalist leader and politician. b. Oct. 1933, Lourenco Marques (now Maputo); m. Grace Simbine 1975; trained as a male nurse; sent to Algeria for mil. training 1963; organized training camp program in Tanzania; C.-in-c, army of Frente de Libcrtacao de Mocambique (FRELIMO) in guerilla war against Portuguese 1966 1974; Sec. of Defense. FRELIMO 1966-1974. Pres May 1970—; Pres. of Mozambique June 1975- — ; Joliot-Curie Gold Medal 1977. Lenin Peace Prize 1977, Order of Suhbuator (Mongolia) 1978. Order of Friendship 1980. Address-. Officio do Presidento. Maputo. Mozambique.
McHENRY. Donald F. M. Sc. ; American diplomatists; b. 13 Oct. 1936, St. Louis, Mo. ; m Mary Williamson (divorced); one s. two d; ed Illinois State Univ. Southern Illinois and Georgetown Univs; taught Howard Univ. , Washington 1959— 1962; active in civil rights movt. . during 1960s; joined dept of State 1963.
TEXT L
First read the following two questions.
39. Who among the following is a biographer?
A. Tapie. B. El-Shinawwy. C. Haslip. D. Nazir-Ali.
40. Who among the following owns a soccer team?
A. Tapie. B. Helu. C. Haslip. D. Nazir-Ali.
Now go through TEXT L quickly and answer questions 39 and 40.
MILESTONES
APPOINTED. MICHAEL NAZIR-ALI, 44, an assistant bishop in central London; as Bishop of Rochester, the first non-white diocesan bishop of the Church of England; in Kent. The general secretary of the church Missionary Society, Nazir-Ali, who was ordained in Karachi in 1976 and holds dual Pakistani and British citizenship, has written several books on Islamic-Christian relations. Of his appointment he said, "I think it reflects the way in which this country has changed."
